Observation of the precautions that must be taken before working on any component in the fuel system is also an important aspect. The injectors wear out when used over time, when the injector is worn it usually needs to be reconditioned or replaced after about 60,000 miles (100,000 km). The specialist should perform accurate testing, overhaul, and calibration. To find a faulty injector that is producing the knocking or smoking noise, turn the engine to fast idle and loosen each injector union, one at a time, catching the spilt fuel with a rag. When removing, make sure to avoid allowing dirt to get into the injectors or fuel pipes and not to drop the injectors or hurt their ends. Before disconnection of the leak-off hoses disconnect the battery negative lead, remove the top cover, where appropriate, and clean up around the injectors. Unscrew the union nuts that hold the injector pipes together and pull out the pipes as a single unit, over the injector and pipe unions to keep the dirt out. In engines without AAS, loosen the injector clamp securing the nuts or bolts, take off all the washers, and pull the injectors out of the cylinder head, with a spanner, should they be tight. In the case of MS engines, to gain access to injectors 4 and 5, one has to remove brackets. Wipe off the area around the base of the injectors and put it back together by unscrewing the entire injector assembly and not just the body alone to avoid twitting internal parts. During refitting, clean the injector location recesses, find new heat shield washers and fit each injector with the stubs of the leak-off hose facing away of the engine. Clamp and screw the spacers as per the torque. In case of AAS engines, you have to install the heat shield washers properly and coat the injector threads with anti-seize compound and then tighten them. Lastly, reconnect the injector pipes and leak-off hoses and reconnect the top cover and battery where necessary.