The carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides that are produced from the operation of gasoline vehicle engines, including the catalyst-equipped engines, must be treated for their removal prior to their discharge to the atmosphere. The operation is only correct when the air/fuel ratio is held in a narrow range, the feedback to the controller for mixture control comes from
Oxygen Sensors. Although the catalytic converter does not need to be maintained on a routine basis, damage may occur to the component when malfunctions which will raise its temperature to above its normal operating range occur. These malfunctions include incorrect ignition timing, air/fuel mixture problems, engine misfire, prolonged engine idling, and extended high engine loads. A broken converter could result in less power, stalling, rattling in the exhaust system, and overemissions. This type of vehicle uses a second heated oxygen sensor to monitor the operation of the catalyst, and when the converter does not oxidize used combustion gases properly, the Engine Control Module stores a Diagnostic Trouble Code. When there is an exhaust leak in the system, such as a leak between the cylinder head and the catalytic converter, it can cause running problems, false DTCs or converter failure. In order to check the function of the catalytic converter, an infrared exhaust gas analyzer must be used to check the air/fuel mixture adjustment at the exhaust system test port upstream of the catalytic converter and again at the tailpipe. A properly functioning catalytic converter will have a lower tailpipe reading than the test port reading. If the readings are the same or if the tailpipe reading is slightly lower than the test port reading, the catalytic converter is faulty.